Nissan 400Z: Comprehensive Overview of Specs and Performance
Intro
The Nissan 400Z represents a culmination of engineering, design, and performance that resonates with enthusiasts and practical car buyers alike. In the realm of sports cars, its emergence is much anticipated. With its combination of power, sophistication, and innovative technologies, the 400Z sets itself apart from contemporaries in an increasingly competitive market.
Detailed Car Reviews
Overview of Vehicle Design and Aesthetics
The Nissan 400Z boasts a visually striking design. Its aerodynamic silhouette, characterized by a long hood and compact rear, gives it a sporty edge. The front fascia extends the lineage from classic Z models, while modern elements help it stand out. Notable features include the aggressive grille and sculpted lines that contribute to its overall sporty character. The design not only serves aesthetic purposes; it enhances performance by reducing drag, making it both beautiful and functional.
Interior Features and Comfort
Step inside the Nissan 400Z, and a blend of sportiness and comfort awaits. The driver's cockpit is thoughtfully designed for an engaging experience. Upholstery often combines premium materials with durable fabrics, creating a balanced atmosphere. Some models are equipped with supportive bucket seats, optimizing comfort during spirited drives. Key technology, such as the digital instrument panel, enhances usability while adding to the futuristic feel of the interior.
Performance Metrics and Test Drive Experience
Under the hood, the inspiration of the Nissan 400Z lies in its engine choice. Many models feature a twin-turbocharged V6 engine, generating an exhilarating level of horsepower. The responsiveness during acceleration is a standout characteristic, offering immediate and robust power. Test drives reveal precise steering and suspensions tuning, making sharp turns exhilarating. Feedback from enthusiast drivers highlights the vehicle’s balance between performance and everyday drivability, signifying its practicality.
Fuel Economy and Efficiency
Though typically a sports car, the Nissan 400Z induces reasonable fuel economy figures for its class. With engineers optimizing factors for both power and efficiency, its consumption levels measure favorably compared to many competitors. Understanding its specs is critical for potential buyers considering long-term ownership; this car can cater to daily commuters as well as weekend racers.
Safety Ratings and Technologies
In terms of safety, the Nissan 400Z includes thoughtful implementations that exceed typical standards. Crash test ratings show promising figures, thanks to a suite of active and passive safety features. Integrated technologies, such as automated emergency braking and lane-departure warning, create a safer environment on the road. Familiarity with the vehicle's safety functions is essential for discerning consumers who prioritizes equity with state-of-the-art safety solutions.
Buying Advice
Evaluating Your Needs and Preferences
When contemplating the Nissan 400Z, assess your driving habits and preferences. Whether looking for performance in casual settings or spirited drives can shape your decision. A clear understanding of what you want will focus various aspects such as design and technologies.
Comparing Financial Options
Affording a Nissan 400Z necessitates considerations around its pricing structure. Local dealership pricing may vary, influenced by demand, trims, and customizations. Knowing common financing avenues, like loans or cash purchases, can help lay a foundation for negotiation.
Understanding Lease vs.
Buy
Leasing offers alternative flexibility but entails understanding contractual commitments. Buying fosters ownership, ideal for long-term enthusiasts. Positioned data on proportions can act as persuasive arguments when debates arise.
Tips on Negotiation and Deal-Finding
When negotiating prices, don't skip out on thoroughly researching the model's historical values. For prcicing transparency, tools like valuation calculators can provide insights to secure decent deals, hence strengthening your position during discussions.
Key Questions to Ask a Dealer
Asking the right questions at a dealership helps in uncovering essential details. Inquire about warranty terms, service packages or optional maintenance plans. Detailing leasing perspectives will aid in making informed choices beyond initial cost.
Technology Trends in Automotive
Overview of Emerging Technologies
The automotive industry relentlessly evolves, and the Nissan 400Z embraces emerging trends. Features offering connectivity, performance apps, and environmental standards have redefined driving habits. Emerging technologies will likely shape future iterations of this popular model.
Impact of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles
With the ongoing shift towards electrification, understanding where the 400Z fits is vital. Insights into the response of traditional brands to electrification bode consequential effects for gasoline enthusiasts versus electric tech proponents.
The Role of Autonomous Driving Features
Integration of semi-autonomous driving features is incrementally shaping the automotive landscape. Enthusiasts may debate the acquisition of such features against their yearning for classic driving dynamics.
Integration of Smart Technology and Infotainment
With a blend of traditional sensibilities and modern needs, the incorporation of intuitive infotainment systems cannot be ignored. Functions that streamline command access established up-to-date conveniences within the driving experience.
Future Prospects in Automotive Tech
Finally, predictions around future advances in automotive tech requires ongoing attention. Recognition and adaptation to trends in sustainability and emissions reduction ascertain a sustainable future, vital for both manufacturers and consumers.
The Nissan 400Z encapsulates the essence of tradition with progress.
Prolusion to Nissan 400Z
The Nissan 400Z represents a significant re-entry for Nissan into the competitive sports car arena. As an emblem of performance and design, the 400Z plays a vital role in highlighting the evolution of the iconic Nissan Z lineup, which has a rich history dating back to the late 1960s. In this section of the article, we will analyze the origins and development of the Nissan 400Z as well as its market positioning in the automotive landscape. Understanding these aspects helps to paint a complete picture of why the 400Z appeals to enthusiasts and potential buyers alike.
Origins and Development
The Nissan Z series began way back with the original 240Z, which quickly captivated the hearts of sports car lovers. The journey towards the Nissan 400Z combines a legacy of impactful performance with cutting-edge innovation. This car is born from extensive research and style evaluations. Engineers and designers sought to create a modern vehicle that honors its roots while pushing boundaries in performance and technology. Throughout the design phase, the focus center on combining powerful engine capabilities with a sleek, aerodynamic silhouette. As the Z concept evolved, features like revised suspension and advanced aerodynamics compliment the core ethos of sporty handling.
This ambition materialized through rigorous testing, leading to the enhancements integrated in the final product. Retro elements resemble classic designs with a modern twist; these touches resonate strongly with Z car enthusiasts. Such elements include a double-bubble roof and classic round headlights. This creates an undeniable connection between the past and the present, making the 400Z not just a car, but a homage to the lineage of Z. In summary, the origins and development of the Nissan 400Z reflect a perfected blend of tradition and cutting-edge automotive technology.
Market Positioning
Positioning within the automotive market is an essential element of any new model’s launch strategy. The Nissan 400Z finds itself strategically aligned within the competitive landscape of sports cars that feature both racing-derived performance and everyday usability. This enables it to differentiate itself from established brands such as Porsche with its 718 Cayman and Toyota with its Supra. Pricing plays a crucial role in market positioning. The 400Z seeks to attract a wider demographic without forgoing performance prowess and sophistication.
By incorporating high-quality materials in its build while offering various configurations, the 400Z stands confidently among its contenders. Buyers see not just a product, but an experience and lifestyle choice. The Nissan 400Z thus becomes not just a competitor in its field, but also an important factor in shaping consumer expectations for modern sports cars. With its unique mix of heritage and modernity, it engages a highly demanding audience looking for both thrill and reliability in their vehicle selections.
Engine Specifications
The engine specifications of the Nissan 400Z play a crucial role in defining its performance and appeal to enthusiasts. It is essential to consider various elements, such as engine type, horsepower, torque ratings, and transmission options. By delving into these technical aspects, potential buyers gain insight into what sets this model apart from others in the sports car market. Not only does it impact how the vehicle performs on the road, but these specifications also reflect the engineering prowess behind the Nissan brand.
Engine Type
The heart of the Nissan 400Z is its engine, a key determinant in the overall driving experience. It features a twin-turbocharged 3.0-liter V6, designed to deliver a balance of power and efficiency. This setup introduces advanced technologies, helping maximize performance while minimizing fuel consumption. The decision to utilize a twin-turbo engine ensures responsive acceleration and a smooth power delivery across various driving conditions.
Horsepower and Torque Ratings
In terms of performance metrics, the horsepower and torque ratings of the Nissan 400Z reach impressive figures. The vehicle boasts around 400 horsepower. This number positions the 400Z competitively among its peers. Torque is equally compelling, rated at around 350 lb-ft. Such attributes allow for remarkable acceleration. Consider the vehicle's 0 to 60 mph time in just about 4 seconds. This rapid acceleration makes it an exciting choice for sportscar enthusiasts who value the thrill of driving.
Transmission Options
When it comes to transmission, the Nissan 400Z provides options to suit varied driving styles. Buyers can choose an advanced 6-speed manual transmission for those preferring engaged driving. Alternatively, a 9-speed automatic transmission offers quick and seamless gear changes. Each transmission is paired with an innovative rear-wheel-drive system, enhancing handling and performance. This flexibility showcases Nissan's commitment to catering to both purists and those seeking everyday convenience in their driving experience.
Performance Metrics
The performance metrics of the Nissan 400Z are crucial for evaluating its standing in the sports car category. Performance metrics help potential buyers understand how a vehicle behaves under various driving conditions. Focusing on acceleration times and top speed, we can draw important conclusions about engine efficiency and overall driving experience. Understanding how these factors interconnect allows enthusiasts to appreciate the car's capabilities.
Acceleration Times
Acceleration is a fundamental performance metric for sports cars, and the Nissan 400Z impresses in this area. Its examples of engineering excellence enable it to reach notable speeds in inadequate periods.
From a standstill, the 400Z can achieve 0 to 60 mph in around 4.5 seconds, which elevates it within competitive ranks regarding acceleration. This time can vary slightly based on driving condition and vehicle configuration.
There are several factors influencing acceleration. The powerful twin-turbocharged V6 engine contributes significantly. The design of the transmission also plays a role. Shifts are quick and precise, which optimizes energy transfer. With effective traction management and stability controls, drivers can have an engaging experience without compromising safety.
Maintaining consistency in these numbers during various conditions does impressively showcase the engineering behind the Z series. Emphasis on improved stability adds appeal for those keen on better performance outputs. Drivers can confidently push the limits knowing they will experience rapid acceleration without losing control.
Top Speed and Handling
Top speed and handling characteristics of the Nissan 400Z reflect its competitive nature among sports vehicles. The car reaches a top speed of approximately 155 mph. This figure routinely establishes it bar at the upper-tier performance level.
Such impressive speeds require confidence in handling capabilities—a key component of any premium sports car. With excellent chassis dynamics, the Nissan 400Z manages curves and straightaways with surprising flair. Front-to-rear weight distribution proves vital for this agility, as it means less understeer and better maneuverability.
In terms of steering response, feedback is crucial. The 400Z features a precise steering mechanism, allowing drivers to feel every detail of the road. This engagement promotes trust while negotiating corners and ensures each input is accurately reflected on the vehicle's behavior.
The balance between top speed and precise handing solidifies the 400Z as an impressive option for driving enthusiasts, offering both thrill and control.
Investigations deep into the capacity and performance o°f components enable the sense that every part of the Nissan 400Z has been given purpose. Close attention paid to aerodynamics aids stability, making it a more appealing choice for high-speed lifestyles.
Design and Aesthetic Features
Understanding the design and aesthetic features of the Nissan 400Z is essential for both enthusiasts and potential buyers. Design plays a pivotal role in how a vehicle is perceived, influencing everything from desirability to driving experience. The Nissan 400Z strikes a careful balance between modern styling and classic elements that will appeal to long-time fans of the Z series. These features enhance the vehicle’s presence on the road and contribute to its overall performance and aerodynamics.
Exterior Design Highlights
The exterior design of the Nissan 400Z embodies a bold and sporty aesthetic. It utilizes aggressive lines and sharp angles, reminiscent of its predecessor while embracing modern automotive trends.
- Sleek Silhouette: The car boasts a low profile, which aids in airflow, further benefiting its performance metrics.
- Iconic Headlights and Taillights: The lights feature LED technology, offering improved visibility and enhancing the car’s overall look.
- Wheel Design Options: Nissan provides various alloy wheel designs that resonate with sporty dynamics while contributing to the stance of the car.
In essence, the visual impact of the 400Z can be appreciated by both casual observers and avid enthusiasts. The exterior contributes significantly to defining the character of the vehicle.
Interior Quality and Technology
Inside the 400Z, the focus is on blending luxury with performance-oriented features. Attention to detail is evident throughout the cabin, providing both driver and passengers a pleasurable experience.
- Material Quality: Premium materials are utilized to create an upscale environment. Soft-touch surfaces provide tactile comfort.
- Innovative Technology: Integrated with a digital cockpit, the driver has access to essential driving data at a glance. Clear displays and intuitive interface allow easy navigation.
- Sound System and Connectivity: An advanced audio system and modern connectivity features ensure that occupants stay linked during their journey.
The interior of the Nissan 400Z encapsulates comfort without sacrificing the sportiness expected from such a car. Both aspects are fundamental for daily driving and the occasional spirited outing.
The Nissan 400Z's design reflects a conscious effort to honor its heritage while providing cutting-edge features for contemporary drivers.
Technological Innovations
Technological innovations play a critical role in modern automotive design and functionality. For the Nissan 400Z, these innovations not only enhance the driving experience but also provide safety and connectivity features that appeal to tech-savvy consumers. By integrating industry-leading technology into its framework, Nissan aims to maintain competitiveness in a rapidly evolving market.
Infotainment System
The Nissan 400Z is equipped with an advanced infotainment system designed to provide drivers with seamless connectivity and an intuitive interface. Central to this system is a high-resolution touchscreen that supports both Apple CarPlay and Android Auto. This allows drivers to easily connect their devices and access navigation, music, and apps without distracting from the road.
Additionally, voice recognition capabilities enhance the usability of the system. Drivers can make calls and change music settings with voice commands, promoting safer driving habits. The digital gauge cluster presents key vehicle information such as speed and navigation prompts right in front of the driver, reducing the need to take eyes off the road.
Moreover, Nissan has prioritized sound quality in the 400Z’s infotainment setup. Premium audio systems, developed by trusted audio brands like Bose, are typically available, providing an immersive listening experience even when the engine is at high revs. The combination of entertainment, navigation, and communication via the infotainment system elevates the driving experience considerably, making each journey more enjoyable and efficient.
Safety and Driver Assistance Features
Safety is paramount in any vehicle, and the Nissan 400Z integrates a suite of advanced safety and driver assistance features aimed at minimizing risks. Among these features are automatic emergency braking, lane departure warning, and rear cross-traffic alert, contributing to significant improvements in driver confidence and overall road safety.
The device employs cameras and sensors around the vehicle for optimal monitoring of the surroundings. This technology can detect objects in the vehicle's path, alerting the driver, and in some cases, taking automated actions to prevent collisions.
In addition, adaptive cruise control adjusts the vehicle’s speed to maintain a safe distance from the car ahead. This feature brings convenience during long drives and can ease fatigue by reducing the need for constant speed adjustments.
These comprehensive safety technologies reflect Nissan's dedication to protecting drivers, passengers, and pedestrians.
Nissan is not merely keeping pace with the industry standards; it is often pushing boundaries. The dedication to harness the potential of technology in the 400Z ensures drivers are equipped with robust and efficient tools for a safer and more enriching driving experience.
Driving Experience
Driving experience stands at the core of any sports car evaluation. For enthusiasts and potential buyers, how a car handles on the road and the emotions it evokes are as important as its specifications. The Nissan 400Z endeavors to provide an exhilarating experience for drivers, blending a potent powertrain with sharp dynamics.
Whether on highways or curvy lanes, on-road performance plays a significant role in daily usability while offering thrills during casual spinning. It must also encapsulate comfort, quite necessary for longer trips. This makes it vital to analyze how well the 400Z balances these elements together.
On-Road Performance
The on-road performance of the Nissan 400Z displays marked highlights that contribute to its reputation. Key elements include the vehicle's responsiveness, ride quality, and grip on varied surfaces. Rear-wheel drive enhances its agile behavior, offering fluid movements during cornering. Whether navigating traffic or pushing limits at higher speeds, the car promises confident handling.
Sport-tuned suspension is fitted to manage body roll while maintaining comfort. Drivers enjoy a well-adjusted pleasantness, even on rough pavement. With performance tires, the grip limits impress both on minimal traction and extreme lean situations. Precision steering amplifies the connection between the driver and car, making driving intemptively enjoyale.
Summarizing unique features:
- Responsive steering mechanism promotes keen feedback for sharper curves.
- Stable chassis layout aids significantly in swift directional changes.
- Advanced braking systems provides reliability whenever emergency stops are required.
Given these factors, the Nissan 400Z smoothly blends functionality with excitement while navigating through diverse driving conditions.
Track Capabilities
The track capabilities of the Nissan 400Z underline its engineering excellence aimed primarily at enthusiasts unwilling to compromise performance. At the limit, everything from the power delivery to aero efficiency is designed to provide confidence during high-speed endeavors.
Optimized weight distribution enhances cornering capabilities. The rear-wheel drive and a limited-slip differential afford better traction out of turns while developing speed for next corners seamlessly. Porsche's undirable can attest that limiting slip is existence when driven dorr-mid range.
Built-in technology such as accessible drive modes adjusts the vehicle’s character based on conditions. Track mode, initializes performance features like risks reposition and cutting power for more tail ambiance while needing balanced advantages between turbos gone loud.
Additional characteristics that illustrate its sports-focused track performance include:
- High-performance braking systems carry strengthening marantins with more stamina.
- Enhanced cooling systems for preventing fade and cracking of components.
- Advanced telemetry integration enabling data acquisition gives track drivers insight on aspects improving set-up optimization.
“Driving any car spectacularly enveloping performance overview leavees vehicle’s mission effiient.”
In essence, owners and enthusiasts pinpoint the need for versatility adaptable to streets or tracks. Understanding how these components marry therein eiginess integer servees high whole-practical purposes relation car habits for modern needs.
Comparison with Competitors
The Nissan 400Z finds itself in a competitive segment of the market characterized by several potent contenders. Evaluating the 400Z against its rivals not only helps potential buyers make informed decisions but also highlights its unique attributes. This comparison underscores its positioning in the sports car landscape.
Similar Models in the Market
Several models offer a direct competition to the Nissan 400Z. When examining similar cars, enthusiasts often look at vehicles that balance performance, price, and engineering craftsmanship. Key competitors include:
- Toyota GR Supra: A masterpiece focusing on balance and handling. It boasts a related platform and has received praise for its performance metrics.
- Ford Mustang GT: Iconic for its raw power and simple fun factor. Offers a range of performance variants, making it accessible for various driver preferences.
- Chevrolet Camaro SS: Known for its aggressive styling and strong engine options. Each iteration enhances power and responsiveness, appealing to muscle car enthusiasts.
These models represent noteworthy options in the market that share characteristics with the 400Z, contributing to a robust segment for consumers.
Strengths and Weaknesses
An effective comparison would also involve analyzing the strengths and weaknesses of the Nissan 400Z in relation to these competitive models.
Strengths
- Performance: The Nissan 400Z has powerful engines aimed for dynamic acceleration, directly rivaling its competition. The engine tuning focuses on a spirited driving experience that is hard to ignore.
- Heritage: Built on a rich lineage from the Z series, it ensures a strong enthusiast base and brand loyalty too.
- Affordability: Considering its class, the 400Z provides an exciting performance-to-cost ratio, appealing to both seasoned drivers and new entrants to the sports car domain.
Weaknesses
- Interior Space: Compared to its rivals like the Ford Mustang, the cabin of the 400Z tends to feel a bit more cramped, which may put off buyers looking for comfort aspects.
- Technological Features: While it has modern technology, certain competitors, such as the Toyota GR Supra, offer more sophisticated driver assistance and infotainment systems, potentially hurting the perceived value.
Analyzing how the Nissan 400Z stacks up against its competition offers valuable insights into its capabilities and places in the market. Choosing the best fit nation clearly depends on what the consumer prioritizes in a performance car.
Pricing and Value Proposition
In the competitive landscape of sports cars, Pricing and Value Proposition stand out as crucial factors influencing a buyer's decision. The Nissan 400Z aims to balance performance with affordability, appealing to both enthusiasts and practical buyers. This dual approach is evident in its pricing strategy and the value, both tangible and intangible, that it provides.
Base Price and Configurations
The base price of the Nissan 400Z generally starts at an attractive margin compared to peers. This offers potential buyers a pathway into the sports car segment without breaking the bank. For instance, the starting MSRP tends to position it favorably against rivals like the Toyota Supra and Ford Mustang.
It's essential to note how Nissan has structured the configurations. The 400Z provides various trims, allowing owners to choose options that suit their preferences without overspending. Features may include upgraded audio systems, higher-quality interior materials, and other technological enhancements.
The configurations also allow for a significant customization scope. This flexibility contributes positively to resale value as buyers appreciate vehicles tailored to their liking. Often, options that lead to a more personalized vehicle enhance the overall ownership experience and satisfaction.
Overall Cost of Ownership
The Overall Cost of Ownership encompasses far more than the initial purchase price. Factors such as insurance, fuel economy, and routine maintenance greatly impact long-term expenses. A pivotal consideration is that sports cars, including the Nissan 400Z, might typically entail higher insurance rates compared to standard vehicles. Consequently, buyers should obtain insurance quotes in advance to factor this into their budget.
Among its notable features, the Nissan 400Z offers commendable fuel efficiency for a sports car, translating to fewer stops at the fuel pumps and lower running costs overall. Additionally, Nissan has designed the vehicle with service ease in mind, often translating to lower repair costs than its competitors.
The right combination of price and value ensures that the Nissan 400Z has a strong footing in the market and offers a sensible path for enthusiasts looking for excitement without excessive expenditure.
Maintenance Considerations
Maintenance is a crucial aspect of owning a sports car like the Nissan 400Z. Understanding the service needs and warranty provisions can significantly enhance the ownership experience. A well-maintained vehicle performs better, lasts longer, and retains its value.
Service Requirements
The Nissan 400Z has specific service requirements to keep it functioning optimally.
- Regular Oil Changes: Frequent oil changes are essential to maintain engine health. Typically, it’s recommended to change the oil every 5,000 miles or as per the driving conditions.
- Brake Inspection: Given its sports capabilities, regular brake checks are necessary. They should be inspected every 6,000 miles for wear and tear.
- Tire Maintenance: Tires affect handling and performance. Rotation is advised every 5,000 miles, and tread depth should be monitored carefully.
- Cooling System Service: Flushing the coolant system every two years can prevent engine overheating, which is critical for performance.
Following these requirements can help avoid more serious issues down the line, ensuring smooth operation and performance.
Warranty and Support
Nissan offers a warranty that adds security for buyers of the 400Z. Recognizing what is covered and for how long is essential.
- Basic Warranty: The standard coverage provides 3 years or 36,000 miles of protection, which includes various components such as the engine and transmission.
- Limited Powertrain Warranty: This extends up to 5 years or 60,000 miles. It attends specifically to more critical components like the engine and drivetrain, reinforcing your investment.
- Roadside Assistance: Nissan offers roadside assistance during the warranty period, ensuring help is available in case of emergencies.
These warranty elements underscore Nissan's commitment to customer satisfaction. Understanding these support mechanisms aids potential buyers in their decision-making process while debugging long-term ownership anxieties.
Regular maintenance, alongside robust warranty coverage, can enhance the driving experience and help maintain the 400Z in prime condition.
Ending and Future Outlook
The conclusion and future outlook of the Nissan 400Z serve as crucial components in understanding not only the car itself but also the shifting dynamics of the sports car market. This section encapsulates vital elements such as performance metrics, design philosophy, and technological innovations. Grasping these factors allows enthusiasts and potential buyers to appreciate the 400Z's unique position in its segment and prepares them for what is to come.
Summary of Key Points
The Nissan 400Z marks a significant advancement from its predecessors. Key highlights include:
- Engine Performance: The 3.0L V6 twin-turbocharged engine delivers robust horsepower and torque, making it competitive.
- Transmission Options: Variations between manual and automatic systems cater to different driving preferences.
- Design Elements: Modern aesthetics blend with heritage cues, establishing a strong identity in the market.
- Technological Integration: Enhanced infotainment and safety features significantly improve the driving experience.
These attributes contribute not only to the car’s performance but also its appeal to various demographics, from car enthusiasts to everyday buyers seeking excitement.
The Future of the Nissan Z Series
As for the future outlook on the Nissan Z series, the trajectory seems promising. Anticipated advancements may include:
- Electrification: The industry shifts toward hybrid and fully electric systems could impact future models. Nissan may explore incorporating electrical elements in the Z series.
- Continuous Improvements: Regular updates after the initial release can enhance performance and efficiency greatly.
- Expansion of Offerings: Mixing in special and limited editions could capture the interest of dedicated collectors.
Moreover, increased focus on sustainability may steer Nissan towards more eco-friendly practices in manufacturing, aligning with broader industry trends. Integrating customer feedback will likely help shape the product as well.
Ultimately, the Nissan 400Z not only reaffirms the brand's legacy but also sets the stage for further evolution in the Z series. Keeping an eye on emerging trends will be imperative for both Nissan and its customers moving forward.
